They spoke with health officials, scientists and health workers in health facilities (maintaining physical distancing). Occasionally, some students may need scaffolding in order to reach the ability of other students, but through guidance and support I want to allow each child to grow individually. For other good resources, visitParty Games, How Do You Play, Group Games and Icebreakers for free guides and ideas for class. Cognitivist learning theories are understood to have stemmed from the inadequacies of the behaviorist learning theories of strict stimulus and response training to fully explain how learning occurs. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Author Kevin R Clark. Cindy Buell details this process: In cognitive theories, knowledge is viewed as symbolic mental constructs in the learner's mind, and the learning process is the means by which Behaviorism focuses more on conditioned behavior which may best be applied to young people, not adults. Cognitivism is a learning theory based on the idea that individuals process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to stimuli (i.e. Over the years I have practiced, I must have looked at hundreds of examples. The students desks were arranged into groups of six. Sample of contract Excerpted from Behavior Management Advice Site (2002): Results of Parent Coach Plan research explained that this contract will help the child dealing responsibility properly and gain trust from teachers and parents as well. Social cognitive theory is the idea that learning happens in a social context and is impacted by the person, environment, and behavior. apply information. Here the topic will look at the linear existence of behaviorism in reference to. When new information is learned, it is either assimilated, meaning integrated into existing schema, or it is accommodated, where the schema must be adjusted to integrate new ideas. Learning can occur in many settings, not just in the classroom. This will motivate the most stubborn child to behave positively in a proper manner. The reinforcement has three principles that typically occur after consequences. People vary in the Summary: Situated Learning Theory posits that learning is unintentional and situated within authentic activity, context and culture. (transfer). Most importantly, children develop the capacity to appreciate others points of view as well as their own. I want my students to know they can achieve anything, just as long as they put their minds to it. In factors mention, reward and punishment control and play a majority of human behavior that was explain in operant conditioning. We offer online courses in math, English, science, humanities, language, social sciences, technology, business, and health science. five years, almost all children have 2. Thus, learners adapt and develop by assimilating and accommodating new information into existing cognitive structures. Summary: Discovery Learning is a method of inquiry-based instruction, discovery learning believes that it is best for learners to discover facts and relationships for themselves. A positive environment is fostered when learning outcomes and expectations are clearly communicated to the student. According to Elias and Merriam (1995), "Humanistic adult educators are concerned with the development of the whole person with a special emphasis upon the emotional and affective dimensions of the personality" (p. 109). Because Perrys initial research was based on a small and fairly non-representative sample of students, many of the details of his positions have been modified or developed by later researchers. The independent members from around the world could not reach a consensus based on the evidence available at the time. Word walls are excellent tools to use in the classroom. 1 of 2, Learning Theories in Plain English Vol. Curriculum and Instruction, Doctor of Education in Educational Leadership (Ed.D. He also concludes that children Clearly, there is no one right combination of elements that will magically result in a positive climate for learning for every student. The learner is viewed as an information processor (like a computer). Each stage is construed as a relatively stable, enduring cognitive structure, which includes and builds upon past structures. Principles of Cognitive Science in Education. When the students sit in groups it is easier for them to work as a team. Changes in behavior are observed, but only as an indication of what is occurring in the learners head. WHO releases the international community'sStrategic Preparedness and Response Planto help protect states with weaker health systems. cookie policy. The succeeding discussions will elaborate B. F. Skinners theory of Psychological Behaviorism as Theory of Education in studying observable behaviors of a person relating them to previous stimuli that the teachers have encountered in classroom and encourage desired behavior and discouraged undesired behavior using the methods that have relevant to classroom application like: Task of Psychological Behaviorism According to Watson, J. All you need is a note pad a pen and a watch. The challenge of creating a positive learning environment is one that all teachers face regardless of the physical environment in which learning takes place. Over time, the dogs anticipated the food and started salivating to a delicious sounding bell. I want there to be something on every wall that will inspire my students to ask questions. Feel free to check out the full list of programs on our site to learn more about all of your options for becoming a teacher and expanding your education. Parking page of connectivism.ca. Enroll in our online college courses for college credit and earn the pre-requisite qualifications needed to complete your degree. harmony in order to life, Application of behaviorism in Education. These are the Adult Educational Philosophies. Want a convenient ad-free PDF eBook of the summaries and guides on this site? The students also had a respect guide that was located on the wall so they can always refer to it. We study about three psychological school of thought Behaviorism, Cognitivism and Constructivism. Although many theorists contributed to helping us understand how the brain functions, the psychologist who contributed the most to studying cognition in children is Jean Piaget. Step by step instructions to the best group games, activities and icebreakers. USA: Pearson Education, Inc; 2009. Hopkins, B. L. (1968). Cognitivists Extraneous 26 March 2007, from ;http://maxweber.hunter. It could be praising the child in successfully accomplishing a task on time, a good grade for doing correct answer or a feeling of increased accomplishment or satisfaction or giving chocolate to a positive response shown. By Kendra Cherry Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. (Burns, R, 1995) and can be gained through observation or interaction. All rights reserved. The movement was a response to behaviorism, which cognitivists said neglected to explain cognition. The following techniques are the methods I have settled on and used successfully for years; both are very simple. Diversifying these teaching methods in turn diversified learner knowledge gained by learning from those methods. reported outside China. 3. Deeply concerned both by the alarming levels of spread and severity, and by the alarming levels of inaction, WHOmade the assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic. Effective teaching starts with effective classroom management. Punishment Melissa Standridge acknowledged that Punishment involves presenting a strong stimulus that decreases the frequency of a particular response. Behaviorism Theorists like Skinner (1953) often focused on observable behavior, believing learning was supported through drill & practice and related reinforcement. Because learning is largely self-motivated in the cognitivist framework, cognitivists such as A. L. Brown and J. D. Ferrara have also suggested methods which require students to monitor their own learning. Actions of a teacher who is behaviorist: As a behaviorist, you believe that learning takes place when knowledge is separated into smaller bits. (p. 42). The process consists broadly of determining Learning involves repetition and association and is highly mechanical. The classroom also consisted of a reading area, which had a variety of books. The second stage of development lasts until around seven years of age. The same concept is used with punishments. htm;. Some are colorful and some are simple. Wuhan and two other cities. WebThe discussion above is a critical analysis of behaviorism, cognitivism, and humanism among adults in higher education. Prices go back up after the end of the month! In the back corner of the room there was a math area. is a result of mental or cognitive processes. However, there are times when the learner's schema does not align with new the information, which is called cognitive dissonance. The purpose of design, seen this way, is to select the alternative from among several courses of action that will lead to the best results. (2008). Cognitivism uses the metaphor of the mind as computer: information comes in, is being processed, and leads to certain outcomes. msu. On the other hand, this approach could likewise mislead students, making them unable to attain learning goals set for a specific instruction. but more investigation was needed to understand the full extent of transmission.22- 23 January 2020The WHO Director- General convened an Emergency Committee (EC) under the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) to assess whether the outbreak constituted a public health 2022 EducationDegree.com. Chomsky'stheory of universal grammar posits that native speakers are born with an 2. There are no misspelled words used in the display, the messages are clear, precise and consistent, the colors and designs always suit the interest and age of the pupils. To illustrate the significance of this philosophy, Elias and Merriam (1995) write: As long as the human person does these things [searches for truth, desires to develop their moral character, strives for spiritual and religious visions, and seeks the beautiful in life and nature], the liberal tradition in education will be a potent force. People will behave and do good things because they know what it brings and expects to receive something good out of it. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Also, with an orderly environment, students mind will be more focused on the instruction, thus this would promote better learning pace. There are five basic principles of adult progressive education. Child Development Theories and Critical Perspectives, Second Edition. To achieve the main goal of instruction students are encouraged to use the most beneficial (1993). Reinforcement is the main factor in Skinners R-R theory. Identification of Adult Education Philosophical Orientation. View of Motivation If you are new to observation I would suggest doing them in sequence, you will naturally begin to use them in tandem as you gain experience. Key Concepts Teachers can help students through the cognitive process by using instructional strategies that support making connections. Equilibration takes place through a process of adaption; that is, assimilation of new information to existing cognitive structures and the accommodation of that information through the formation of new cognitive structures. 26 March 2007, from ;http://www. Psychometrics is concerned with the objective measurement of latent constructs that cannot be directly observed. Rewards could be in the form of verbal positive feedback, tokens, promotion, or simple handclap. Behaviorism supports shaping desirable behavior through modeling. Ask for a response when you know the student has the answer to help develop confidence. Also on the board were a class number grid and a clock to learn how to tell time. The students interact with one another and develop social qualities such as cooperation and tolerance for different points of view. In education, behaviorisms have effectively embraced the system of reward and punishments in their classrooms by rewarding positive behaviors and punishing negative ones. On the one hand, it can promote discovery and critical thinking if students identify on their own the learning outcomes they reach after each lesson. Retrieved from https://phdessay.com/application-behaviorism-in-education/, Hire skilled expert and get original paper in 3+ hours, Run a free check or have your essay done for you. Become a Premium member to receive full access, print feature, removing all ads, free lifetime downloads and updates to all eBooks and content. (1913), the task of psychological behaviorism is to identify kinds of connection, recognize how environment events manage behavior, determine and clarify basic regularities or laws or functional relations which direct the structure of associations, and foresee how performance will change as the environment changes. This break came as (Note: Liberal adult education does not refer to liberal political views; it is related to Liberal Arts. The contents found are the list of the pupils with their pictures, lists of their subjects and their academic performances, schedules, word for the day, eye-openers, legacy of excellence, achievements, and the like. Cognitive psychology derived its name from the Latin cognoscere, referring to knowing and information, thus cognitive psychology is an information-processing The educator is an organizer who guides learning instead of directing learning and evaluates the learning process. North America, third largest of the worlds continents, lying for the most part between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer. Learning this information can influence policy and practices in this Universitys teacher education program. Behaviorist theorists believe that behavior is shaped deliberately by forces in the environment and that the type of person and actions desired can be the product of design. Need urgent help with your paper? Visit https://europeid.com website for more information Cognitivism emerged as a major paradigm of education in the 1950's, largely in response to the behaviourist paradigm which offered no satisfactory explanation to account for certain types of learning (e.g. a lecturer announces that today he will consider three theories explanatory of ____________. 's' : ''}}. They work to transmit knowledge and clearly direct learning. However, he laid far greater emphasis on the idea that learners approach knowledge from a variety of different standpoints. wvu. Thanks to theorists like Jean Piaget, we understand how the brain functions when new information is learned, and we can apply that knowledge to the classroom. USA: Pearson Education, Inc; 2009. guidance was shared with WHO's regional emergency directors to share with WHO representatives in countries. Only the best icebreakers for the classroom. One of these strategies is activating prior knowledge before beginning a lesson to help prepare students to connect new information. The most widely used theories of cognitivism in education are based on Blooms taxonomies of learning objectives (Bloom et al., 1956 ), which are related to the development of different kinds of learning skills, or ways of learning. Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and reasoning.. Cognitive psychology originated in the 1960s in a break from behaviorism, which held from the 1920s to 1950s that unobservable mental processes were outside the realm of empirical science.. Operation EUNAVFOR MED IRINI will have as its core task the implementation of the UN arms embargo through the use of aerial, satellite and maritime assets. Ebook of the best icebreaker activity guide with detailed step-by-step instructions, templates and more. Behaviorism is strong in setting clearly defined purposes, learning objectives, and in selecting experiences that work toward those purposes and objectives. To reinforce positive behavior, students who act as good leaders should be rewarded. This approach emphasizes both learning about something and experiencing it so that students can apply knowledge in real-world situations. Wuhan, Hubei Province. During the first week, the teacher trains students on these routines, and designates leaders to act as models to other students. Education and Learning: An Evidence-based Approach. The liberal adult education philosophy stresses the development of intellectual powers. Moreover, his experiment gain more attention because it can also be applied to human behavior in everyday life. Stages are characterized by the coherence and consistency of the structures that compose them. The paper captures the benefits, challenges and example to each Adult Education Philosophy i. e. Liberal, Behavioral, Humanistic and Progressive. Learning Theories: Cognitivism. Learning is not simply due to external stimuli, it Scientists wanted to open the black box of the mind and explore what was going on between stimulus and response. suggesting that the benefits of testing are not tied to a specific type of New York: Routledge; 2015. New York: Knopf. Jean Piaget I want to ensure that each student is being challenged, no matter what their starting level may be. Though Bandura and Lev Vygotsky also contributed to cognitive theory, according to Dr. Norman Herr with California State University, the most popular and first theorist of cognitivism is Piaget. The role of the instructor is not to drill knowledge into students through consistent repetition, or to goad them into learning through carefully employed rewards and punishments. This essay was written by a fellow student. There are 5 overarching paradigms of educational learning theories; behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, design/brain-based, humanism and 21st Century skills. By using rewards, students mind will be conditioned to do more what is positive. The reward and punishment system has been publicly accepted not only applicable in schools for students but also in jobs or works where employees productivity is the main concerned of employers. Paradigms of Education OS is brought to you in partnership by the Centre for Faculty Development and the Centre for Advancing Collaborative Healthcare & Education, extra-departmental units of the University of Toronto, hosted at Unity Health Toronto and University Health Network, respectively. The humanistic philosophy of adult education follows some basic principles such as the following: human nature is naturally good; freedom and autonomy influence behavior; individuality and potentiality are unlimited and should be nurtured; self-concept leads to self-actualization; perception of the world explains behavior; and individuals have a responsibility to humanity. Each learner interprets experiences and information in the light of their extant knowledge, their stage of cognitive development, their cultural background, their personal history, and so forth. Knowledge is therefore actively constructed by the learner rather than passively absorbed; it is essentially dependent on the standpoint from which the learner approaches it. (April 2011) Psychology Outline History. Without going in to details, learning is" a permanent change in behavior." It also stresses philosophy, religion, and the humanities over science. Classical conditioning is fairly limited when it comes to shaping behavior, primarily because an automatic response must already exist. php#anchor1;. I want my students to think critically with my guidance and support. Behaviorist concepts include mastery learning and standards-based education. The basic principle underlying Piagets theory is the principle of equilibration: all cognitive development (including both intellectual and affective development) progresses towards increasingly complex and stable levels of organization. Humanism focuses on the individual as the subject and asserts that learning is a natural process that helps a person reach self-actualization. Create your account, 5 chapters | (1993). Cognitivists Skinner also wrote a number of controversial works in which he proposed the widespread use of psychological behavior modification techniques, primarily operant conditioning, in order to improve society and increase human happiness; and as a form of social engineering. She has a Master of Education degree. Many educators use these BF Skinner (a radical behavorist, famous for his assertion that there is no such thing as free will) pioneered research on a different form of learning - operant conditioning. At this stage, childrens outlook is essentially egocentric in the sense that they are unable to take into account others points of view. Cognitivism studies the application of knowledge and skill to new situations and information. WebCognitivism is a learning theory that focuses on the mind, including mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem solving. WHO gave a risk assessment of very high for China, and high at the global level. In other. What do the theorists say? The humanistic adult education philosophy seeks to facilitate personal growth and development. Training and Development in present organizations follow such type of education. This is a great activity to use at the beginning of the year that helps students get to know the names and faces of their classmates. The Peak Performance Center. 63 pages. Scenarios and role modeling are important factors in humanistic learning, as are experiences, exploring and observing others. Certainly an instructor can describe a square Some great examples of Cognitivism in educational technology can be found in online games and reinforcement activities, such as sorting games, puzzles, and flashcards. Philippa Ruth Foot FBA (/ f l p f t /; ne Bosanquet; 3 October 1920 3 October 2010) was an English philosopher and one of the founders of contemporary virtue ethics, who was inspired by the ethics of Aristotle.Along with Judith Jarvis Thomson, she is credited with inventing the trolley problem. Paradigm Shifts in Designed Instruction: From Behaviorism to Cognitivism to Constructivism. Neo Behaviourism is a branch of psychology that draws its principles from behaviourism. They enable students to think more deeply about a topic or perform at a higher level than we would without them. education using a cognitivist approach. One of the most influentialethical frameworks,utilitarianism is focusedon consequences and results; the sole basis of morality is determined by its Plagiarism is a serious problem in education. Use discount code: THIRTYOFF to take 30% off a Premium subscription. Cognitive learning isnt about memorization or repetition. Bulletin board display I went around the School Areas and I saw different Bulletin Board Displays located from the first to third floor. The good news is that it is easy to detect and avoid. An organized learning environment contributes to easy learning, and conditions students to perform at their best. The WHO Director-General reconvened the Emergency Committee (EC). Cognitivism focuses on the inner mental activities opening the black box of the human mind is valuable and necessary for understanding how people learn. 26 March 2007 , from ;http://www. Behaviorist approaches to learning originate from the minds of John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. Behavior theorists define learning as nothing more than the acquisition of new behavior based on environmental conditions. It also prepares them for activities designed for the day, and gives them a detail of desired performances in advance. We offer reliable domain name registration in Canada (North- & Central America). 31 Dec 2019China reported a cluster of cases of in Wuhan, Hubei Province. Progressive Educational Philosophy. Award winning educational materials like worksheets, games, lesson plans and activities designed to help kids succeed. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 121-129. parentcoachplan. Psychology as a Behaviorist Views IT, Psychological Review, 20158-77. WHO and partners launch the Solidarity Trial, an international clinical trial that aims to generate robust data from around the world to find the most effective treatments for COVID-19. The educator and learner are "partners. " Believing that people learn best from what they consider most relevant to their lives, progressivists center their curricula on the needs, experiences, interests, and abilities of students. In social cognitive theory it is suggested that there are several factors that impact a persons ability to perform and learn. It became evident that these future teachers had differing meanings of diversity and there was a perceived disconnect between how well the curricula compared to their field experiences prepared them to teach diverse populations. The environment of a child serves as a crucial factor in developing interest towards study. should be neatly arranged in their appropriate places. However, the idea of positionality has had a significant influence on social identity theory and his account of developmental transitions is consonant with current approaches to adult learning (xii). Domain name connectivism.ca has been registered with EuropeID. The first is a broadened view or concept of education, meaning that education is not restricted to formal, classroom instruction but is a lifelong process influenced by many sectors of society and daily life. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. StraighterLine offers a low-cost way to fulfill one of your general education business requirements and receive the college course support you need. The humanist educator facilitates learning but does not direct learning. View of Knowledge In order to ensure meeting target goals, teachers should apply the most appropriate approach in motivating interest, managing behavior, and keeping order in the classroom. Constructivism: Definition, Types & Contributors, Steps in Implementing Differentiated Instruction, Behavioral Theory | Behavioral Learning Approach: Overview & Examples. Children pass through cognitive stages by balancing their cognitive dissonance through assimilation and accommodation. Giving emphasis on desired behavior of a student and offering incentives to the student to increase the occurrence of the desired behavior. Likewise, a well-organized classroom provides a comfortable space conducive to learning. Teaching comprises many aspects, but the one aspect I feel that is most important is stirring the minds of students, letting their curiosity take them into learning, and allowing them to enjoy the rewards of their achievements. Humanistic Educational Philosophy. emergency of international concern. I will be open-minded and will always encourage creative thinking. Although the discipline of educational psychology includes numerous theories, many experts identify five main schools of thought: behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, experientialism, and social contextual learning theories. This guides students to determine for themselves if they have accomplished the goals, and likewise informs the teacher of the need to reinforce skills with follow-up activities. Merriam, S. B. Teachers must thus take into account the knowledge that the learner currently possesses when deciding how to construct the curriculum and how to present, sequence, and structure new material. Behavior Modification Psychological Behaviorism BF Skinner believed that behaviorism subsistence of perception can be traced back to the earliest days of fallacy and unexplained and is useless (Gene Zimmer 1999). Educational technology tools are a strategic Summary: Chaos theory is a mathematical theory that can be used to explain complex systems such as weather, astronomy, politics, Summary: Positive psychology is the study of happiness, flourishing, and what makes life worth living. The purpose for conducting this study has been twofold. Progressivists believe that education should be a process of ongoing growth, not just a preparation for becoming an adult. Child Development Theories and Critical Perspectives, Second Edition. Anexample of behaviorism in the classroomis when teachers reward their class or certain students with a party or special treat at the end of the week for good behavior throughout the week. How educational theories influence learning Educational theories influence learning in a variety of ways. WebAnswer (1 of 2): There are two components of cognitivism: cognitive psychology (mental processes) and information processing (cognition as computation). Psychometrics is concerned with the objective measurement of latent constructs that cannot be directly observed. The educator is the "expert", and directs the learning process with complete authority. While in Beijing, Dr. Tedros agreed with Chinese government leaders that an international team of leading scientists would travel to China on a mission to better understand the context, the overall response, and exchange information and experience. Creating and maintaining a positive learning environment is an ongoing process. While studying to become a teacher, whether in a bachelors degree or alternative certificate program, you will learn about learning theories.There are 5 overarching paradigms of educational learning theories; behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, design/brain-based, humanism and 21st A novel coronavirus was eventually identified.1 January 2020WHO had set up the IMST (Incident Management Support Team) across the three levels of the organization: headquarters, regional Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. The affective domain involves our feelings, emotions, and attitudes. Introduction to Religion. Copyrighted Material. They basically consider human nature to be the product of one's environment. We are dedicated to Besides from allowing students to have items on their desks during class time, students didnt have to ask to use the restroom, they just get up even when the teacher is talking. Domain name connectivism.ca has been registered with EuropeID. Students are rewarded for successful answers. It extends for more than 5,000 miles (8,000 km) to within 500 miles (800 km) of both the North Pole and the Equator and has an east-west extent of 5,000 miles. Educational technology, 33(5), 12-19. Thetheoryhas often been called a bridge betweenbehavioristand cognitivelearning theoriesbecause it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation. Many listings are from partners who compensate us, which may influence which programs we write about. Assimilation is the process of integrating new knowledge with existing schema. Humanistic education aims at the development of people who are open to change and continued learning, people who strive for self-actualization, and people who can live together as fully-functioning individuals. Merriam, S. B. Conclusion B. F. Skinners theory of education is a powerful tool that has been tested through several experiments which are likewise used by teachers who are even unaware of Skinners theory. They learn by doing, inquiring, being involved in the community, and responding to problems. The term 'cognition' refers to all processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and Anita Tenzer (Trans. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. Neo Behaviourism is a more flexible concept and seeks to analyze and understand phenomena that cannot be. Having conducted this study for this primary purpose, it is encouraging to have research drive decisions that address the issues of enhancing diversity training in teacher preparation programs. The behavior can be rewarded (causing it to be repeated) or punished (making it less likely to be repeated). The size of the classroom, the arrangement of the furniture, the functioning of equipment and other physical aspects of the class all contribute to, or detract from, the learning environment. Piagets theory has two main strands: first, an account of the mechanisms by which cognitive development takes place; and second, an account of the four main stages of cognitive development through which children pass. Activating prior knowledge through the use of a KWL chart or anticipation guides, using mind maps, classifying, and comparing and contrasting various concepts help students build schema. The negatives of liberal approach are not everyone is critical thinkers and problem solvers and their opinions can be swayed by others. Because knowledge is actively constructed, learning is presented as a process of active discovery. in Early Childhood, M.Ed. WebThe purpose of any applied field, such as educational technology, is to improve practice. In 2014, a list of the Top 100 Eminent Psychologists of the Modern Era was published in the Archives of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is an instructional method of hands-on, active learning centered on the investigation and resolution of messy, real-world Social science research shows that teaching climate change in way that emphasizes "doom and gloom" and scary facts does not Padlet: An Easy to Use Online Collaboration Tool for Multimedia Sharing Padlet is a very user-friendly canvas or digital Science and math concepts are often some of the most challenging for students to grasp. 15 As a future teacher, I must ensure that I am prepared to organize my classroom in ways to inspire my students. Students are then Summary: Self-perception theory describes the process in which people, lacking initial attitudes or emotional responses, develop them by observing their Summary: Social identity theory proposes that a persons sense of who they are depends on the groups to which they Mindset Theory Your intelligence and other characteristics where do they come from? I really enjoyed looking at them and will do this activity in the future. On the other hand, a student receives punishment (negatively), if he insults his classmate he cannot take his recess. For example, when entering the room, students should greet the teacher and their classmates. According to liberal adult education, "the educated person possesses the four components of a liberal education: rational or intellectual education which involves wisdom, moral values, a spiritual or religious dimension, and an aesthetic sense" (Elias & Merriam, 1995, p. 26). The most influential exponent of cognitivism was Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget. Intrinsic Vocational training and teacher certifications are both behaviorist practices. Socrates, Plato, and Piaget were practitioners of the liberal philosophy. 4. View of Learning In operant conditioning, the organism behaves in order to elicit a reward (reinforcement) or stops behaving to avoid a punishment. 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