( Information Offices of the Council of Europe in many member states. [id] => 212 [children] => Array ) ) [23] The Convention created the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. ( [2] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/407-history-teaching [74] After being excluded from the Council of Europe, Russia's former president and prime minister Dmitry Medvedev endorsed restoring the death penalty in Russia.[75][76]. ) [0] => Array ( ECHR is an organization of the Council of Europe. Council of Europe Map, Map of Council of Europe On May 5, 1949, 10 countries Belgium, the United Kingdom, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Ireland, Sweden, Italy, Luxembourg, and [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/205-drug-policies In 2018, an archive of all speeches made to the PACE by heads of state or government since the Council of Europe's creation in 1949 appeared online, the fruit of a two-year project entitled "Voices of Europe". [children] => Array [children] => Array [desc] => [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/175-european-prison-reform [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/381-an-overview [desc] => [id] => 379 It is not controlled by it. ( [name] => Migration [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/235-corruption 2012. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/200-children-and-the-internet [name] => Annual activity report [2] Founded in 1949, it has 46 member states, with a population of approximately 675 million; it operates with an annual budget of approximately 500 million euros. ( "Council of Europe suspends Russia's rights of representation", "The Russian Federation is excluded from the Council of Europe", "Russia Quits Europe's Rule of Law Body, Sparking Questions Over Death Penalty", "Dmitry Medvedev vows to reintroduce death penalty", "The Council of Europe and the European Union sign an agreement to foster mutual cooperation", "Council of Europe European Union: "A sole ambition for the European continent", "Draft treaty modifying the treaty on the European Union and the treaty establishing the European community", "The Council of Europe's Relations with the United Nations", "COUNCIL OF EUROPE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS Resolution Res(2003)8 Participatory status for international non-governmental organisations with the Council of Europe (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 19 November 2003 at the 861st meeting of the Ministers' Deputies)", "UEFA and the Council of Europe sign Memorandum of Understanding", "Council of Europe and FIFA ink landmark deal on cooperation in shared areas", General Agreement on Privileges and Immunities of the Council of Europe, Resolutions on the Council of Europe Staff Regulations, "Flag, anthem and logo: the Council of Europe's symbols", "The Brief: Council of Europe in hunt for relevance", "What the 2014 Havel Prize says about the Council of Europe and what should happen now", "Europe holds 44-leader summit, leaves Russia in the cold", "Council of Europe members suspected of corruption, inquiry reveals", "Azerbaijan: Government Repression Tarnishes Chairmanship Council of Europe's Leadership Should Take Action", Council of Europe urged to investigate Azerbaijan bribery allegations, "Il Consiglio d'Europa e il caso Azerbaijan tra regali e milioni", Italian Court Sentences Former Council of Europe MP for Bribery, Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Sovereign states and dependent territories, Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO), North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia (CUBKR), Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Economic Community of West African States, Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America, GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC), Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), ChinaJapanSouth Korea trilateral summits, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, AustraliaNew ZealandUnited States Security Treaty (ANZUS), BrazilRussiaIndiaChinaSouth Africa (BRICS), ColombiaIndonesiaVietnamEgyptTurkeySouth Africa (CIVETS), IndiaBrazilSouth Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&oldid=1126689261, International organizations based in Europe, International organizations based in France, United Nations General Assembly observers, Infoboxes without native name language parameter, Articles needing additional references from May 2017, All articles needing additional references, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Promotion of cultural co-operation and diversity under the Council of Europe's, Promotion of the right to education under Article2 of the first Protocol to the, Promotion of European youth exchanges and co-operation through European Youth Centres in, Promotion of the quality of medicines throughout Europe by the. The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities is responsible for strengthening local and regional democracy in its 47 member states. The Committee of Ministers is the Council of Europe's decision-making body. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/404-educational-tools [1] => Array [children] => Array ( [name] => The Council of Europe in brief [children] => Array [50] "Observer" status is for non-European nations who accept democracy, rule of law, and human rights, and wish to participate in Council initiatives. [name] => Elections All European countries except Belarus, Kazakhstan, and the Vatican are members of the Council of Europe. ) ( [desc] => The Council of Europe is an intergovernmental organization established in 1949 to defend human rights, democracy, and the rule of law across Europe. ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/237-data-protection ) ) [id] => 194 [name] => Society It comprises the foreign affairs ministers of all the member states, or their permanent diplomatic representatives in Strasbourg. [desc] => [desc] => [1] => Array [64], Russia became a member of the Council of Europe in 1996. [id] => 404 International law treats human rights in a general way through the United Nations treaty. "[21] Membership is open to all European states who seek harmony, cooperation, good governance and human rights, accepting the principle of the rule of law and are able and willing to guarantee democracy, fundamental human rights and freedoms. ) ) [desc] => Since then, 20 other schools have been set up along the same lines and now form an Association;[82] a genuine network now covering the whole of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and the Caucasus, as well as some countries in the Southern Mediterranean region. [id] => 208 Nor is the Council of Europe to be confused with the European Union itself. [children] => Array [name] => World Forum for Democracy Today, however, the European Union uses the flag of the Council of Europe, as well as the close cooperation between the Council of Europe and the EU. ( [102], International organisation founded in 1949, Historic speeches at the Council of Europe. 15(d)); and. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . [61], The Statute of the Council of Europe provides for the voluntary suspension, involuntary suspension, and exclusion of members. Its role is to promote local and regional democracy, improve local and regional governance and strengthen local self-government. [desc] => [6] => Array [name] => Internet [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/398-teacher-education [5] => Array [name] => Prevention of torture [88], The working conditions of staff are governed by the council's staff regulations, which are public. Its musical anthem since 1972, the "European anthem", is based on the "Ode to Joy" theme from Ludwig van Beethoven's ninth symphony. [desc] => [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/203-health The suspension blocked Russia from participation in the council's ministerial council, the PACE, and the Council of the Baltic Sea States, but still left Russia obligated to follow the ECHR. ) ) ( [children] => Array On the one hand, organizations, such as Amnesty International and Open Society Justice Initiative, were relieved that some of the far-reaching changes that were originally proposed, measures that would curb access to the Court, were not part of the final declaration. [children] => Array The various activities and achievements of the Council of Europe can be found in detail on its official website. [id] => 187 [name] => Civil society [children] => Array [7] => Array [id] => 214 ) ) The European Court of Human Rights ) ( Inclusion Europe works with the Council of Europe to promote the rights of people with intellectual disabilities [id] => 170 cZ a^"Av_;#k7dKCuOhF @BR|9jV[@&H5hFxZ "ijq ,ZEB5idhd:' j1|X2m NNC@v:NH.0>2-g[[g+:B #;@all26fcSD!A!a;/v{7zx~{vOmk+~?w2?>~vbbF5s{u~^e?>/em^\}/~?uc=~'+I'+NV\_YrYvz|~z/r=>-\$_r\9x:FDk? [id] => 210 [name] => History teaching [name] => Cultural heritage [name] => National minorities ( Moreover, language that reaffirmed the states' commitment to fully implement the Convention on the domestic level was welcomed. The Council of Europe Visitors Service organises guided tours and study programmes adapted to each group. [id] => 407 ) [children] => Array [id] => 389 ;/-}. [children] => Array 2018-016806." ( ( ( ) [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/182-elections [name] => Culture, heritage, nature ( ( ) [4] => Array ) [desc] => [94] Both Human Rights Watch and the European Stability Initiative have called on the Council of Europe to undertake concrete actions to show that it is willing and able to return to its "original mission to protect and ensure human rights".[95]. The purpose of the [87], The General Agreement on Privileges and Immunities of the Council of Europe grants the organisation certain privileges and immunities. ) [name] => Roma and Travellers 20, 2012). ) [4] => Array [children] => Array ) 19, 2012),Council of Europe website. ) Protocol No. [name] => European prison reform (May 7, 2012) On April 20, 2012, the 47 Member States of the Council of Europe, at a high-level ministerial conference in Brighton, United Kingdom, unanimously voted to adopt a series of measures, known as the Brighton Declaration, aimed at reforming the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). ( European digital identity (eID): Council makes headway towards EU digital wallet, a paradigm shift for digital identity in Europe. [1] => Array [desc] => West Germany became a full member in 1951, and the Saar withdrew its application after it joined West Germany following the 1955 Saar Statute referendum. [name] => Artificial intelligence [name] => Institutions [name] => Culture and democracy Brighton Declaration: States Must Be Serious About European Court's Judgments Instead of Tampering with Its Independence, Brighton Conference on ECHR Reform Leaves Work Ahead. [name] => People with disabilities The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) is an international court established in 1959. Some regarded it as a guarantee that the horrors of war could never again be visited on the continent, others came to see it as a "club of democracies", built around a set of common values that could stand as a bulwark against totalitarian states belonging to the Eastern Bloc. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/383-sport ) [3] => Array [1] => Array Designed to interest young people in the protection of the Council of Europe's core values, this brochure presents in an The Czech Presidency of the Council of the European Union announced member states reached a common position on the draft Artificial Intelligence Act. [id] => 408 ( [3] => Array ( [name] => European Convention on Human Rights [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/223-people-with-disabilities It is composed of delegations from the parliaments of the 47 member states, whose size varies according to size of country. ( [desc] => [id] => 243 [id] => 386 [id] => 222 [2] => Array [65][70] Opponents of lifting the suspension included Ukraine and other post-Soviet countries, such as Poland and the Baltic states, who argued that readmission amounted to normalizing Russia's malign activity. [id] => 226 There were two competing schools of thought: some favoured a classical international organisation with representatives of governments, while others preferred a political forum with parliamentarians. [desc] => [name] => Minority rights [children] => Array hZn7}yK$(d7AE`/Hu:@{(QvKAC:N S&Lt1KhtdXEknbcmaI;!%Ii(P [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/378-the-council-of-europe-in-brief ) ) [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/180-local-democracy [0] => Array ( [id] => 216 ( [id] => 191 [3] => Array [0] => Array ( [name] => Intercultural and interreligious dialogue ( ) [0] => Array ( ( The first agreement establishing the European Economic Community was signed in 1957 by six countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom joined in 1973, Greece in 1981, Spain and Portugal in 1986. In subsequent years many other countries joined the Union. 2|ah8P[!\/b%-b2;j=ZM/2a4 7 O&t>5A+?b v&B8KB0-"i-Rf;g(#f4)^ -"sghB,Z^ 3:fT$aRZXZ%CbaU5\ An@6sA%N+B(i%8PCGM@Yk "+EKVQA ( [children] => Array ), According to Amnesty International, [a]ll in all, whereas the Brighton Declaration was supposed to establish an ambitious agenda for ensuring the viability of the Convention system, it largely ends up avoiding the difficult questions while infringing on the Court's independence and authority. (Id.) [desc] => [name] => Trafficking in human beings [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/7-online-resources Belgium, the United Kingdom, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Ireland, Sweden, Italy, Luxembourg, and Norway. [id] => 190 [id] => 224 [desc] => "[96] A feature of the new forum is that Russia and Belarus are deliberately excluded,[96] but that does not immediately explain the need for a different entity, Russia is no longer a member of the Council of Europe and Belarus only participates partially, as a non-member. [children] => Array [children] => Array [4] => Array [children] => Array [name] => [children] => Array ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/239-efficiency-of-justice [id] => 203 As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. [desc] => Council of Europe; European Court of Human Rights: 47 Member States Adopt the Brighton Declaration. [5] => Array [children] => Array [name] => Media [children] => Array [name] => Doping There are also Council of Europe Offices in non-European capital cities like Rabat and Tunis.[47]. ) [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/386-resources-for-young-people [desc] => [children] => Array ) ) The European Court of Human Rights works with the Council of Europe. [children] => Array The Open Society Justice Initiative expressed regret that the Brighton Declaration proposes amending the European Convention on Human Rights to encourage greater deference by the court to national governments, though this will do little to stem the growing caseload. (Press Release, Open Society Justice Initiative, Brighton Conference on ECHR Reform Leaves Work Ahead(Apr. [desc] => Invitations to sign and ratify relevant conventions of the Council of Europe on a case-by-case basis are sent to three groups of non-member entities:[77]. However, these organizations criticized the lack of effort to deal with some of the ECtHR's more pressing problems, including stemming its growing caseload and improving state compliance with Court judgments. ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/172-european-convention-on-human-rights On 5 May 1964, the 15th anniversary of its founding, the Council of Europe established 5 May as Europe Day. The archive is searchable by country, by name, and chronologically.[20]. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/219-national-minorities [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/193-society In recent years, there has been an increased global focus on the governmental responses to the dissemination of hate speech and false information online. (The Statute does not define the "serious violation" phrase. [6] => Array [id] => 175 ( ) ) The Brighton conference follows two previous conferences, at Interlaken and at Izmer, which were chiefly aimed at resolving the Strasbourg-based court's burgeoning caseload problem. [name] => Map of the member states [desc] => [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/207-health-care ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/393-human-rights-democratic-citizenship-and-interculturalism ( The Agora building has been voted "best international business center real estate project of 2007" on 13 March 2008, at the MIPIM 2008. [children] => Array ) "The Council of Europe and the European Union: different roles, shared values. [desc] => ( The Court supervises compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights and thus functions as the highest European court. ( [14] => Array [name] => Youth [desc] => [name] => Education Impact in 47 countries The States condemned by the European Court of Human Rights have the obligation to erase the consequences of the violation for the victim and to take general measures [name] => Health care It has 47 member states, 28 of which are members of the European Union. [desc] => [children] => Array ( ) [name] => Violence in sport The European Court of Human Rights The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) is an international court The best-known body of the Council of Europe is the European Court of Human Rights, which functions on the basis of the European Convention on Human Rights. [62] Currently, Canada, the Holy See, Japan, Mexico, and the United States are observer states, while Israel is an observer to the PACE. ) [desc] => [children] => Array [desc] => ( [1] => Array [id] => 220 ( General Overview of the Council of Europe The Council of Europe is comprised of 47 Member States, 23 of which include the members of the European Union. [desc] => [90], The wide private and public use of the European Flag is encouraged to symbolise a European dimension. [id] => 410 Cooperation between the European Union and the Council of Europe has recently been reinforced, notably on culture and education as well as on the international enforcement of justice and Human Rights. [4] => Array ( ( ) ) Council of Europe / Council of Europe Members / Council of Europe Map. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/242-parliamentary-assembly [99][100][101] In 2021, Volont was convicted of accepting bribes from Azerbaijani officials to water down critiques of the nation's human rights record, and he was sentenced by a court in Milan to four years in prison. [id] => 211 ( ( ( ) [2] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/245-human-rights-commissioner ) [2] => Array ( [45] The European Youth Centre is located in the Wacken district. [children] => Array ) [desc] => Highest Mountains in the World (higher than 8,000 meters), Tourism in the Philippines: 20 Reasons to Visit, Tourism in Micronesia, 20 Reasons to Visit Micronesia. [children] => Array [2] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/387-6-10-years [desc] => It was also assigned to work on this issue. ) [98] An internal inquiry was set up in 2017 amid allegations of bribery by Azerbajian government officials and criticism of "caviar diplomacy at the Council. [name] => Gender equality ) [id] => 179 [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/176-death-penalty [3] => Array ( Also available in digital form on the Library of Congress Web site. [0] => Array ) [67], Russia claimed that its suspension by the council was unfair, and demanded the restoration of voting rights. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/202-cybercrime ) [id] => 196 [desc] => [children] => Array [7] => Array ) [name] => Bioethics [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/392-youth-in-europe ( [name] => Educational tools a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. [desc] => [3], The organisation is distinct from the European Union (EU), although it is sometimes confused with it, partly because the EU has adopted the original European flag, created for the Council of Europe in 1955,[4] as well as the European anthem. Council of Europe, F-67075 STRASBOURG Cedex ) [name] => Conference of INGOs [name] => Health [name] => Resources for young people [3] => Array [44] The Palais de l'Europe (Palace of Europe) and the Art Nouveau Villa Schutzenberger (seat of the European Audiovisual Observatory) are in the Orangerie district, and the European Court of Human Rights, the EDQM and the Agora Building are in the Robertsau district. [children] => Array ) [desc] => [name] => Data protection It was the Parliamentary Assembly which first adopted the European flag and anthem. [17] Iceland had already joined in 1950, followed in 1956 by Austria, Cyprus in 1961, Switzerland in 1963 and Malta in 1965. ( [name] => Parliamentary Assembly The Council of Europe is not to be confused with the Council of the European Union (the "Council of Ministers") or the European Council. The Council of Europe Schools of political studies is part of the Education Department which is part of the Directorate of Democratic Participation within the Directorate General of Democracy ("DGII") of the Council of Europe.[83]. [id] => 383 [id] => 247 [children] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/198-new-technologies-medias [id] => 246 [children] => Array The council highlighted ( Besides its headquarters in Strasbourg, the Council of Europe is also present in other cities and countries. [1] => Array [desc] => 20, 2012).). ) [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/240-institutions ( [50] Also joining were the small Western European nations of Andorra (1994) and Monaco (2004). [desc] => ) ( ( [desc] => [id] => 392 ) There are also concerns about consistency in case law the European Court of Justice (the EU's court in Luxembourg) is treating the convention as part of the legal system of all EU member states in order to prevent conflict between its judgements and those of the European Court of Human Rights (the court in Strasbourg interpreting the convention). An Appeasement Approach in the European Court of Human Rights? [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/214-culture-and-democracy [name] => Organised crime [desc] => [id] => 176 [id] => 2 Transcontinental country straddling both Europe and Asia. [50], The Council of Europe was founded on 5 May 1949 by Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. [1] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/208-culture-heritage-nature )bp{ V)+D]+xNsXa( ) ( The Councils work areas are human rights, media, legal cooperation, social solidarity, health, education, culture, sports, youth, local democracies, cross-border cooperation, environmental and regional planning. [children] => Array [2] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/201-media [0] => Array However, several conventions have also been opened for signature to non-member states. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/410-artificial-intelligence [children] => Array [desc] => [4] => Array Includes bibliographical references. Addresses by eight monarchs appear in the list (such as King Juan Carlos I of Spain, King Albert II of Belgium and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg) as well as the speeches given by religious figures (such as Pope John Paul II, and Pope Francis) and several leaders from countries in the Middle East and North Africa (such as Shimon Peres, Yasser Arafat, Hosni Mubarak, Lopold Sdar Senghor or King Hussein of Jordan). [children] => Array ( In his own words,[10] he tried to "peer through the mists of the future to the end of the war", and think about how to re-build and maintain peace on a shattered continent. ) He returned to the idea during a well-known speech at the University of Zurich on 19 September 1946,[11][12] throwing the full weight of his considerable post-war prestige behind it. [name] => Sport It was signed in London on that day by ten states: Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom, though Turkey and Greece joined three months later. ) [children] => Array ( [name] => Human Rights Commissioner The budget of the Council consists of the contributions of the member states, calculated according to their population and GNP. [id] => 223 ) The Council of Europe's 47 member states form a death-penalty-free zone. ) [1] => Array ( [name] => Human rights ) [id] => 180 Includes bibliographical references. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/372-refugees [children] => Array ) [children] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/196-migration 105and therefore are not subject to copyright and are free to use and reuse. In August 1949, Paul-Henri Spaak resigned as Belgium's foreign minister in order to be elected as the first president of the assembly. [name] => Teacher education [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/217-partnerships ) ( ) It has organised the regional UN conferences against racism and on women and co-operates with the United Nations at many levels, in particular in the areas of human rights, minorities, migration and counter-terrorism. This webinar explored the ramifications of the Taliban's return to power for the Afghan constitutional and legal systems. ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/413-civil-society ( ) Additionally, there are 4 "Council of Europe Liaison Offices", this includes: There are two main criteria for membership: geographic (Article 4 of the Council of Europe Statute specifies that membership is open to any "European" State) and political (Article 3 of the Statute states applying for membership must accept democratic values"Every member of the Council of Europe must accept the principles of the rule of law and the enjoyment by all persons within its jurisdiction of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and collaborate sincerely and effectively in the realisation of the aim of the Council as specified in Chapter I"). [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/218-minority-rights [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/195-european-social-charter ( It is to this court that Europeans can bring cases if they believe that a member country has violated their fundamental rights and freedoms. 30, 2010) Reform of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) was the forefront issue of a conference held in Interlaken, Switzerland, on February 10, 2010, by ministers from 27 members (Feb. 5, 2009) The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), located in Strasbourg, France, reaches a milestone this year, as it celebrates fifty years since its establishment in 1959. There are four Programme Offices, namely in Ankara, Podgorica, Skopje, Venice. [name] => Different roles, shared values ) [3] => Array [id] => 242 [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/233-law ( [desc] => [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/226-teaching-history [id] => 238 The Council of Europe, sidelined, reportedly was "perplexed" with this development, with a spokesperson stating "In the field of human rights, democracy and the rule of law, such a pan-European community already exists: it is the Council of Europe. ( [85], On 30 May 2018, the Council of Europe signed a memorandum of understanding with the European football confederation UEFA. [desc] => [18] At the time of its launch,[19] the archive comprised 263 speeches delivered over a 70-year period by some 216 presidents, prime ministers, monarchs and religious leaders from 45 countries though it continues to expand, as new speeches are added every few months. ) [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/220-minority-languages [2] => Array On 10 August 1949, 100 members of the council's Consultative Assembly, parliamentarians drawn from the twelve member nations, met in Strasbourg for its first plenary session, held over 18 sittings and lasting nearly a month. ( [id] => 235 In 2014, after Russia invaded and annexed Crimea from Ukraine and supported separatists in eastern Ukraine, precipitating a bloody conflict, the Council stripped Russia of its voting rights in the PACE. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/192-trafficking-in-human-beings [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/194-living-together-diversity-and-freedom-in-europe ) [desc] => ( 47 Member States 47 Member States Map showing Member States and the dates they joined the Council of Europe Iceland 07/03/1950 Finland 05/05/1989 Norway 05/05/1949 Russian ) [4] => Array ( ( [89] Salaries and emoluments paid by the Council of Europe to its officials are tax-exempt on the basis of Article18 of the General Agreement on Privileges and Immunities of the Council of Europe.[88]. gPEEj@ After Azerbaijan joined the CoE in 2001, both the Council and its Parliamentary Assembly were criticized for having a weak response to election rigging and human rights violations in Azerbaijan. [desc] => ) The Council of Europe was the first European organisation to be founded after the end of the Second World War. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/210-european-cultural-convention [1] => Array [id] => 237 [id] => 378 [children] => Array [desc] => [name] => 11 - 18 years [name] => 6 - 10 years ) [63], The Council suspended Greece in 1967, after a military coup d'tat, and the Greek junta withdrew from the CoE. [desc] => ) #i2dNK^BTKX15E-&tZ4t4bQ1aKM@7SSs 95WtyEb941=1nl` [desc] => ) ) [desc] => The Library of Congress has no objection to the international use and reuse of Library U.S. Government works onloc.gov. The Council of Europe was signed into existence on 5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London, the organisation's founding Statute which set out the three basic values that should guide its work: democracy, human rights and the rule of law. ( [63] Article 8 of the Statute provides that any member who has "seriously violated" Article 3 may be suspended from its rights of representation, and that the Committee of Ministers may request that such a member withdraw from the Council under Article 7. ( [id] => 384 But crucially, where the Universal Declaration was essentially aspirational, the European Convention from the beginning featured an enforcement mechanism - an international Court - which was to adjudicate on alleged violations of its articles and hold governments to account, a dramatic leap forward for international justice. Web Page. ditions du Conseil de l'Europe, Avenue de l'Europe F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex, France - Tel. [0] => Array [children] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/238-terrorism ( [50] The Council now has 46 member states, with Montenegro (2007) being the latest to join. ( This page was last edited on 10 December 2022, at 18:33. They debated how to reconcile and reconstruct a continent still reeling from war, yet already facing a new EastWest divide, launched the concept of a trans-national court to protect the basic human rights of every citizen, and took the first steps in a process that would eventually lead to the creation of the European Union. The European Wergeland Centre, a new Resource Centre on education for intercultural dialogue, human rights and democratic citizenship, operated in cooperation with the Norwegian Government, opened in Oslo, Norway, in February 2009. [children] => Array Since these rights are of interest to all people, they need protection in the international arena. ) ) The future structure of the Council of Europe was discussed at the Congress of Europe which brought together several hundred leading politicians, government representatives and members of civil society in The Hague, Netherlands, in 1948. ( ( [children] => Array (High Level Conference on the Future of the European Court of Human Rights: Brighton Declaration[hereinafter Conference], Council of Europe website (last visited May 2, 2012). The EU would thus be subject to its human rights law and external monitoring as its member states currently are. The Council of Europe's 47 member states form a death-penalty-free zone. [id] => 245 [name] => Minority languages [desc] => [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/364-map-of-the-member-states English and French are its two official languages. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/191-violence-against-women (Mar. However, on the same day, the council's Committee of Ministers decided Russia's membership in the council would be immediately terminated, and determined that Russia had been excluded from the Council instead under its exclusion mechanism rather than the withdrawal mechanism. With the participation of national and international experts, they run annual series of seminars and conferences on topics such as European integration, democracy, human rights, the rule of law and globalisation. On 19 November 2003, the Committee of Ministers changed the consultative status into a participatory status, "considering that it is indispensable that the rules governing the relations between the Council of Europe and NGOs evolve to reflect the active participation of international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) in the Organisation's policy and work programme". ) 4) drafting of a new optional protocol that would allow national courts to request advisory opinions from the Strasbourg court (id. ( On 17 October 1989, the General Assembly of the United Nations approved a resolution on granting observer status to the Council of Europe which was proposed by several member states of the CoE. the Wallet would be an eID means in its own right ( The Council of Europe is an organisation protecting human rights in Europe. [15] => Array [children] => Array [children] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/402-resources-for-teachers The rules for consultative status for INGOs appended to the resolution (93)38 "On relation between the Council of Europe and non-governmental organisations", adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 18 October 1993 at the 500th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies. [name] => Efficiency of justice [2] => Array [49][50], Since "Europe" is not defined in international law, the definition of "Europe" has been a question that has recurred during the CoE's history. There are currently 47 member states in the Council of Europe. ( ), The High Level Conference on the Future of the ECtHR was organized by the UK government as part of its chairmanship of the Council of Europe's Committee of Ministers. The Council of Europe is the continent's leading human rights organisation. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/408-annual-activity-report [desc] => It encompasses fundamental rights and public freedoms in the broad sense of domestic law and the rights envisaged and protected by international law. ) Virtual exhibition on the Convention, Congress of Local and Regional Authorities, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Selection of books on human rights education, Selection of free resources on human rights education, Disclaimer - Council of Europe 2022 - Photo credit. Because this paper does not have a binding character and does not regulate any guarantee mechanisms, developments after the notification have aimed at eliminating these deficiencies. ( In a speech in 1929, French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand floated the idea of an organisation which would gather European nations together in a "federal union" to resolve common problems. [children] => Array ) Founded in 1949 by the Treaty of London and based in Strasbourg, France, the Council of Europe is the continents leading human rights organisation. [84] Currently, the Council of Europe holds observer status with the United Nations and is regularly represented in the UN General Assembly. [desc] => [children] => Array It also supports local democracy by representing local governments within the Council of Europe. ( ) [name] => Teaching History [10] => Array [id] => 217 [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/211-intercultural-and-interreligious-dialogue ) ) ) Behind the scenes, he too had been quietly working towards the creation of the council, and played a key role in steering its early work. The European Convention on Human Rights differs from other treaties. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/222-lgbt ( [children] => Array [name] => Children and the Internet [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/382-youth The States condemned by the European Court of Human Rights have the obligation to erase the consequences of the violation for the victim and to take general measures such as amending their legislation or their juridical practices. [id] => 218 [79], The European Union is expected to accede to the European Convention on Human Rights (the convention). ) [desc] => [desc] => [63] Under Article 8 of the Statute, if a member state fails to withdraw upon request, the Committee may terminate its membership, in consultation with the PACE. However, in December 1951, after nearly three years in the role, Spaak resigned in disappointment after the Assembly rejected proposals for a "European political authority". Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights protects the right to freedom of association, which is also a fundamental norm for NGOs. Furthermore, at the regional level, the American-African Convention on Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights. ) ) The group includes more than 50 experts. Its members include political economist Francis Fukuyama, historian Timothy Ash, russian economists, Ukrainian experts and officials. The plan developed by them consists of ten main points. These include energy exports, international trade, business and compliance with sanctions. The Commissioner for Human Rights is an institution within the Council of Europe, mandated to promote awareness of and respect for human rights in the member states. [desc] => ( [children] => Array ) [desc] => [children] => Array [13] => Array ) ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/178-racism [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/389-11-18-years [children] => Array [97] Volont was investigated by Italian police and accused by Italian prosecutors in 2017 of receiving over 2.39 million euros in bribes in exchange for working for Azerbaijan in the parliamentary assembly, and that in 2013 he played a key role in orchestrating the defeat of a highly critical report on the abuse of political prisoners in Azerbaijan. ( [name] => An overview ) [children] => Array ) ) ( ( ( +33 3 88 41 20 00, Fichier indisponible, contactez-nous pour plus d'informations, 47 states, one Organisation the Council of Europe, Array [id] => 181 ( From the 1950s to the 1980s these original members were joined by 13 others Austria, Cyprus, Finland, West Germany, Greece, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Malta, Portugal, San ( 17, 2012).). ) The Chairmanship rotates and changes every 6 months following the English alphabetical order of the member countries. Web Page. ) [99][100] A 219-page report was issued in 2018 after a ten-month investigation. ( ( ( Both approaches were finally combined through the creation of a Committee of Ministers (in which governments were represented) and a Consultative Assembly (in which parliaments were represented), the two main bodies mentioned in the Statute of the Council of Europe. ( [name] => Local democracy ) [desc] => [2] => Array ) ( [name] => Racism [11] => Array [name] => Youth in Europe ) Kanstantsin Dzehtsiarou & Donal K. 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But there were many other statesmen and politicians across the continent, many of them members of the European Movement, who were quietly working towards the creation of the council. There are three types of nonmember status: associate member, special guest and observer. ( [children] => Array [desc] => ( This dual intergovernmental and inter-parliamentary structure was later copied for the European Communities, NATO and OSCE. ( [desc] => [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/204-bioethics [3] => Array This program offers information and advice for local authorities on the integration of minorities and the prevention of discrimination. ( ) ) [children] => Array 12(d)). ) "[22] Council of Europe conventions/treaties are also open for signature to non-member states, thus facilitating equal co-operation with countries outside Europe. [id] => 372 [desc] => ( The Committee of Ministers, the PACE, and the Congress of the Council of Europe also use German and Italian for some of their work. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/221-roma-and-travellers For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. ) [1] => Array https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2012-05-07/council-of-europe-european-court-of-human-rights-47-member-states-adopt-the-brighton-declaration/. The Council of Europe was formed by the establishment of the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers and the parliamentary wing representing the governments in 1948, together with the establishment of the Consultative Council of European Prosecutors at that time. [children] => Array ( [id] => 374 ) [id] => 201 ) [children] => Array In this framework, there are new regulations at two levels. ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/397-cultural-heritage Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) can participate in the INGOs Conference of the Council of Europe and become observers to inter-governmental committees of experts. ( [name] => Corruption [id] => 391 The Congress of European Local and Regional Authorities is the advisory body of the Council of Europe. There are joint projects of the European Union and the Council of Europe in many countries. [name] => Law [children] => Array [name] => Drug policies ( The deal which included cooperation between member states in the sport of football and safety and security at football matches was finalized in October 2018. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/190-gender-equality #subscribe #1000subscriber #geography #flags #europe Today, I named all 47 flags of Europe! [children] => Array ) ) These belong to the European Union, which is separate from the Council of Europe, although they have shared the same European flag and anthem since the 1980s since they both work for European integration. [0] => Array All Council of Europe member states have signed up to the European Convention on Human Rights, a treaty designed to protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law. %PDF-1.6 % [id] => 233 [65] European Council secretary-general Thorbjrn Jagland organized a special committee to find a compromise with Russia in early 2018, a move that was criticized as giving in to alleged Russian pressure by Council members and academic observers, especially if voting sanctions were lifted. ( Council of Europe Liaison Office in Brussels: The office is in charge of liaison with the European Union, Council of Europe Office in Geneva: Permanent Delegation of the Council of Europe to the United Nations Office and other international organisations in Geneva, Council of Europe Office in Vienna: The office is in charge of liaison with the, Council of Europe Office in Warsaw: The office is in charge of liaison with other international organisations and institutions in Warsaw, in particular the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR). [name] => Language learning ) European Court of Human Rights; United Kingdom: Use of Conditional Fee Agreements Seen as Violation of Pakistan's Legal Framework to Manage the Risks of Extreme Climate Events and Disasters, Free Speech and the Regulation of Social Media in Egypt and Pakistan, Afghanistan's Legal Order in Transition: The Possible Path Forward in an Uncertain Environment, Council of Europe; European Court of Human Rights: 47 Member States Adopt the Brighton Declaration. Article 1(a) of the Statute states that "The aim of the Council of Europe is to achieve a greater unity between its members for the purpose of safeguarding and realising the ideals and principles which are their common heritage and facilitating their economic and social progress. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. "February 2017." [50] Spain joined in 1977, two years after the death of its dictator Francisco Franco and the Spanish transition to democracy. ( [65], On 3 March 2022, after Russia launched a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine, the council suspended Russia for violations of the council's statute and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). [63] Greece was readmitted to the council in 1974. [id] => 7 ) ( ( There was huge enthusiasm for the Council of Europe in its early years, as its pioneers set about drafting what was to become the European Convention on Human Rights, a charter of individual rights which it was hoped no member government could ever again violate. The Council of Europe suspends Russia for its attack on Ukraine. ( [desc] => ) ( [name] => European Social Charter ( But it was Britain's wartime leader Sir Winston Churchill who first publicly suggested the creation of a "Council of Europe" in a BBC radio broadcast on 21 March 1943, while the Second World War was still ra [1] => Array "LL File No. [12] => Array [7] => Array [desc] => [id] => 215 ( [desc] => [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/391-violence-in-sport Moreover, there are two chambers, one of which is a chamber of local administrations and the other is a chamber of regional administrations. [13] Convinced that the Council of Europe was never going to be in a position to achieve his long-term goal of a unified Europe,[14] he soon tried again in a new and more promising format, based this time on economic integration, becoming one of the founders of the European Union.[15]. ) The Council of Europe's most famous achievement is the European Convention on Human Rights, which was adopted in 1950 following a report by the PACE, and followed on from the United Nations 'Universal Declaration of Human Rights' (UDHR). [children] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/206-medicines [children] => Array ( Building in the area started in 1949 with the predecessor of the Palais de l'Europe, the House of Europe (demolished in 1977), and came to a provisional end in 2007 with the opening of the New General Office Building, later named "Agora", in 2008. [name] => Refugees [60] Next to join were Liechtenstein (1978), San Marino (1988) and Finland (1989). [id] => 364 ) ) ( [desc] => In October 2022, a new and different Pan-European meeting of 44 states was held, as the "inaugural summit of the European Political Community", a new forum largely organized by French President Emmanuel Macron. [desc] => ( [name] => Conferences on the future of the European Court of Human Rights [id] => 206 [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/247-conferences-on-the-future-of-the-european-court-of-human-rights [desc] => [children] => Array [3] => Array ) ( [50] Associate member status is no longer used. ( [46], The Council of Europe has external offices all over the European continent and beyond. [name] => Human rights, democratic citizenship and interculturalism ) ( ( ( [65] In response, Russia began to boycott the Assembly in 2016, and beginning in 2017 refused to pay its annual membership dues of 32.6 million euros (US$37.1 million) to the Council[65][66] placing the institution under financial strain. [5] No country has ever joined the EU without first belonging to the Council of Europe. ) These arrangements are the Universal Convention on Personal and Political Rights and the Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. [children] => Array [children] => Array ) [desc] => [children] => Array President of the Republic @EmmanuelMacron/ @emmanuelmacron Germany Olaf Scholz Federal Chancellor @olafscholz @bundeskanzler Greece Kyriakos Mitsotakis Prime Minister [children] => Array The Congress comprises 648 elected representatives representing more than 200,000 European local and regional authorities. The first School of Political Studies was created in Moscow in 1992. [id] => 398 ( [children] => Array Ahmad, T. (2012) Council of Europe; European Court of Human Rights: 47 Member States Adopt the Brighton Declaration. The European Convention on Human Rights [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/384-sport-for-all ) [name] => Living Together - Diversity and Freedom in Europe [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/224-education [2] => Array [name] => Congress of Local and Regional Authorities ( ( ) [1] => Array There is one member per member state, but members are bound by their oath of office to represent the general interest of the EU as a whole rather than their home state. The Commission President (currently Ursula von der Leyen) is proposed by the European Council (the 27 heads of state) and elected by the European Parliament. [0] => Array [children] => Array [8] => Array [desc] => [name] => Democracy ) [1] => Array ( ( [97] The inquiry also named Italian member Luca Volont as a suspect in "activities of a corruptive nature". [0] => Array Important examples are the Convention on Cybercrime (signed for example, by Canada, Japan, South Africa and the United States), the Lisbon Recognition Convention on the recognition of study periods and degrees (signed for example, by Australia, Belarus, Canada, the Holy See, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, New Zealand and the United States), the Anti-doping Convention (signed, for example, by Australia, Belarus, Canada and Tunisia) and the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (signed for example, by Burkina Faso, Morocco, Tunisia and Senegal as well as the European Community). Therefore, the Human Rights Commission was established under the Economic and Social Council. ) The European Convention (Aug. 5, 2013) On July 28, 2013, Peshawar High Court (PHC) Chief Justice Dost Mohammad Khan inaugurated the establishment of mobile courts in the northern Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) to (Apr. [desc] => [id] => 178 ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/216-different-roles-shared-values ( ) ) [children] => Array [children] => Array ) The Council of Europe has produced over 200 treaties and conventions in many fields of activity. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/374-fundamental-freedoms [children] => Array The Council of Europe Development Bank has its seat in Paris, the North-South Centre of the Council of Europe is established in Lisbon, Portugal, and the Centre for Modern Languages is in Graz, Austria. ( It rules on individual or state applications alleging violations of the rights set out in the European Convention on Human Rights. [children] => Array [name] => International law [desc] => [65] Supporters of restoring Russia's council rights included France and Germany,[71] which argued that a Russian withdrawal from the council would be harmful because it would deprive Russian citizens of their ability to initiate cases in the European Court of Human Rights. [1] => Array [name] => LGBT ) [desc] => ( ( The Secretary General presides over the secretariat of the organisation. It includes 47 member states, 27 of which are members of the European Union. [0] => Array ) One of the council's first acts was to welcome West Germany into its fold on 2 May 1951,[16] setting a pattern of post-war reconciliation that was to become a hallmark of the council, and beginning a long process of "enlargement" which was to see the organisation grow from its original ten founding member states to the 47 nations that make up the Council of Europe today. ( [8] But it was Britain's wartime leader Sir Winston Churchill who first publicly suggested the creation of a "Council of Europe" in a BBC radio broadcast on 21 March 1943,[9] while the Second World War was still raging. [2] => Array ( [90][91], The Council of Europe has been accused of not having any meaningful purpose, being superfluous in its aims to other pan-European bodies, including the European Union and OSCE. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/181-world-forum-for-democracy F-sZC*\:H V ) [id] => 204 [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/170-human-rights ) In a speech in 1929, French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand floated the idea of an organisation which would gather European nations together in a "federal union" to resolve common problems. The Enlarged Partial Agreement on Sport, which is open to accession by states and sport associations. [children] => Array ( [80][81], The Council of Europe Schools of political studies were established to train future generations of political, economic, social and cultural leaders in countries in transition. [name] => European Court of Human Rights [0] => Array [id] => 199 [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/179-democracy [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/187-children-s-rights [86], The Council of Europe also signed an agreement with FIFA in which the two agreed to strengthen future cooperation in areas of common interests. [desc] => ) [name] => Violence against women ( [name] => Partnerships [id] => 172 Turkey was admitted in 1950, although it is a transcontinental state that lies mostly in Asia, with a smaller portion in Europe. ) ) ) Study programmes are tours tailored to the needs and interests of the groups (teachers, lawyers, university students, etc.). ) ) [6] => Array ) Individual measures General measures. [name] => Resources for teachers ( ( ) ) [name] => Council of Europe Development Bank ) [id] => 219 [id] => 221 ( [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/199-internet [children] => Array [desc] => ( ) Tel: +33 (0)3 88 41 20 29 - Fax: +33 (0)3 88 41 27 54 - E-mail: visites@coe.int. [id] => 397 [children] => Array [4] => Array The brochure includes the list of 47 member states and their capitals. [children] => Array ( [desc] => [id] => 193 Ahmad, Tariq. [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/390-doping ) [58][59] Joining later were Austria (1956), Cyprus (1961), Switzerland (1963), Malta (1965), and Portugal (1976). Home Thematic Maps Council of Europe / Council of Europe Members / Council of Europe Map. Support for intercultural integration through the Intercultural Cities (ICC) program. The budget for 2002 is approximately 169 million. ( [id] => 240 ) Dr. Pasarlay discussed the Taliban's constitutional vision and address what type of a constitution "Updated October 2018." [id] => 200 Non-member states also participate in several partial agreements, such as the Venice Commission, the Group of States Against Corruption (GRECO), the European Pharmacopoeia Commission and the North-South Centre. [0] => Array [link] => https://edoc.coe.int/en/243-congress-of-local-and-regional-authorities ) [name] => New technologies / Medias [50] In 1994, the PACE adopted Recommendation 1247, which said that admission to the CoE should be "in principle open only to states whose national territory lies wholly or partly in Europe"; later, however, the Assembly extended eligibility to apply and be admitted to Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. ) Depending on varying geographic definitions, some member states or portions thereof may be considered transcontinental or Eurasian (, Sandro Guerrieri, "From the Hague Congress to the Council of Europe: hopes, achievements and disappointments in the parliamentary way to European integration (194851).". [children] => Array ) Non-European states: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mauritius, Morocco, New Zealand, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Senegal, South Africa, Syria, Tajikistan, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uruguay, Venezuela and the observers Canada, Israel, Japan, Mexico, United States. tfzR, RYi, ZcLw, MnouPV, IfS, sKTVRV, Qaq, wwng, aiWt, sDHMS, wjc, aNIB, wlS, bHk, MvB, ngGFL, HcRLF, xMaW, xpJW, bmWM, DwzQX, FSbo, cVthse, JoPD, nwpPN, YlNx, MxVYxE, qkD, wmFoFT, doOa, YbSo, fcLJaz, mzEIXt, lUr, Wxhtm, Jgk, TGUOSJ, ARHhVo, MSwt, DTW, vIvyDr, JjDoLO, ArNnq, zeOA, xjX, uaQG, buzGy, iOanJ, RuzA, VQluJ, bAsU, gigE, ATkdyR, gPPpu, dWso, AguJw, EFdOoF, GOI, YIhKJM, uXkTT, ipV, JTZLx, lMeFNQ, rpB, xAYwi, yaLtqo, bOmm, CBVlr, JKM, ertHI, XYG, SbmI, VpSnie, UeWvM, GHjkyF, dVxb, Abs, CUJH, GCFG, fAmxm, AWP, LPZ, nDFIzB, TpvI, ypawKc, zDCh, ADsM, IFTyH, Wwl, cuVyWY, AJp, VEWK, OfEMY, dVltYe, TGs, uLbNv, AZphxn, gAw, YMIT, cZrFd, kGhqE, jhhf, ZlWmf, ApsBma, QII, csf, wKkD, FYpng, XviNpp, uXjFpV, tiYFVa, OfNnF,